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Course content |
Module 1: Laminar Flow- Laminar flow through: circular pipes, annulus and parallel plates. Stoke’s law, Measurement of viscosity.
Module 2: Turbulent Flow- Reynolds experiment, Transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Definition of turbulence, scale and intensity, Causes of turbulence, instability, mechanism of turbulence and effect of turbulent flow in pipes. Reynolds stresses, semi-empirical theories of turbulence, Prandtl’s mixing length theory, universal velocity distribution equation. Resistance to flow of fluid in smooth and rough pipes, Moody’s diagram.
Module 3: Boundary Layer Analysis-Assumption and concept of boundary layer theory. Boundary-layer thickness, displacement, momentum & energy thickness, laminar and Turbulent boundary layers on a flat plate; Laminar sub-layer, smooth and rough boundaries. Local and average friction coefficients. Separation and Control.
Module 4: Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulic Similitude: Dimensional homogeneity, Rayleigh method, Buckingham’s Pi method and other methods. Dimensionless groups. Similitude, Model studies, Types of models. Application of dimensional analysis and model studies to fluid flow problem.
Module 5: Introduction to Open Channel Flow-Comparison between open channel flow and pipe flow, geometrical parameters of a channel, classification of open channels, classification of open channel flow, Velocity Distribution of channel section.
Module 6: Uniform Flow-Continuity Equation, Energy Equation and Momentum Equation, Characteristics of uniform flow, Chezy’s formula, Manning’s formula. Factors affecting Manning’s Roughness Coefficient “n‟. Most economical section of channel. Computation of Uniform flow, Normal depth.
Module 7 Non-Uniform Flow- Specific energy, Specific energy curve, critical flow, discharge curve Specific force Specific depth, and Critical depth. Channel Transitions. Measurement of Discharge and Velocity – Venturi Flume, Standing Wave Flume, Parshall Flume, Broad Crested Weir. Measurement of Velocity- Current meter, Floats, Hot-wire anemometer. Gradually Varied Flow-Dynamic Equation of Gradually Varied Flow, Classification of channel bottom slopes, Classification of surface profile, Characteristics of surface profile. Computation of water surface profile by graphical, numerical and analytical approaches. Direct Step method, Graphical Integration method and Direct integration method.
Module 8: Hydraulic Jump- Theory of hydraulic jump, Elements and characteristics of hydraulic jump in a rectangular Channel, length and height of jump, location of jump, Types, applications and location of hydraulic jump. Energy dissipation and other uses, surge as a moving hydraulic jump. Positive and negative surges. Dynamics of Fluid Flow-Momentum principle, applications: Force on plates, pipe bends, moments of momentum equation,
Module 9: Flow through Pipes: Loss of head through pipes, Darcy-Wiesbatch equation, minor losses, total energy equation, hydraulic gradient line, Pipes in series, equivalent pipes, pipes in parallel, flow through laterals, flows in dead end pipes, siphon, power transmission through pipes, nozzles. Analysis of pipe networks: Hardy Cross method, water hammer in pipes and control measures, branching of pipes, three reservoir problem.
Module 10: Computational Fluid Dynamics: Basic equations of fluid dynamics, Grid generation, Introduction to in viscid incompressible flow, Boundary layer flow as applicable to C.F.D. Hydro informatics: Concept of hydro informatics –scope of internet and web based modeling in water resources engineering.
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Texts/References |
- Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, P.M. Modi and S.M. Seth, Standard Book House
- Theory and Applications of Fluid Mechanics, K. Subramanya, Tata McGraw Hill.
- Open channel Flow, K. Subramanya, Tata McGraw Hill.
- Open Channel Hydraulics, Ven Te Chow, Tata McGraw Hill.
- Burnside, C.D., “Electromagnetic Distance Measurement,” Beekman Publishers, 1971.
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