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Course content |
- Module 1: Introduction - hydrologic cycle, water-budget equation, history of hydrology, world water balance, applications in engineering, sources of data.
- Module 2: Precipitation - forms of precipitation, characteristics of precipitation in India, measurement of precipitation, rain gauge network, mean precipitation over an area, depth-area-duration relationships, maximum intensity/depth-duration-frequency relationship, Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP), rainfall data in India.
- Module 3: Abstractions from precipitation - evaporation process, evaporimeters, analytical methods of evaporation estimation, reservoir evaporation and methods for its reduction, evapotranspiration, measurement of evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration equations, potential evapotranspiration over India, actual evapotranspiration, interception, depression storage, infiltration, infiltration capacity, measurement of infiltration, modelling infiltration capacity, classification of infiltration capacities, infiltration indices.
- Module 4: Runoff - runoff volume, SCS-CN method of estimating runoff volume, flow-duration curve, flow-mass curve, hydrograph, factors affecting runoff hydrograph, components of hydrograph, base flow separation, effective rainfall, unit hydrograph surface water resources of India, environmental flows.
- Module 5: Ground water and well hydrology - forms of subsurface water, saturated formation, aquifer properties, geologic formations of aquifers, well hydraulics: steady state flow in wells, equilibrium equations for confined and unconfined aquifers, aquifer tests.
- Module 6: Water withdrawals and uses – water for energy production, water for agriculture, water for hydroelectric generation; flood control. Analysis of surface water supply, Water requirement of crops-Crops and crop seasons in India, cropping pattern, duty and delta; Quality of irrigation water; Soil-water relationships, root zone soil water, infiltration, consumptive use, irrigation requirement, frequency of irrigation; Methods of applying water to the fields: surface, sub-surface, sprinkler and trickle / drip irrigation.
- Module 7: Distribution systems - canal systems, alignment of canals, canal losses, estimation of design discharge. Design of channels- rigid boundary channels, alluvial channels, Kennedy’s and Lacey’s theory of regime channels. Canal outlets: non-modular, semi-modular and modular outlets. Water logging: causes, effects and remedial measures. Lining of canals, types of lining. Drainage of irrigated lands: necessity, methods.
- Module 8: Dams and spillways - embankment dams: Classification, design considerations, estimation and control of seepage, slope protection. Gravity dams: forces on gravity dams, causes of failure, stress analysis, elementary and practical profile. Arch and buttress dams. Spillways: components of spillways, types of gates for spillway crests; Reservoirs- Types, capacity of reservoirs, yield of reservoir, reservoir regulation, sedimentation, economic height of dam, selection of suitable site.
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Texts/References |
- K Subramanya, Engineering Hydrology, Mc-Graw Hill.
- K N Muthreja, Applied Hydrology, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
- K Subramanya, Water Resources Engineering through Objective Questions, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
- G L Asawa, Irrigation Engineering, Wiley Eastern
- L W Mays, Water Resources Engineering, Wiley.
- J D Zimmerman, Irrigation, John Wiley & Sons
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